Programming Languages

Founders

The Good Lord is no respecter of backgrounds. Never has been! He plants genius the world over. It is up to us to find it.
— Margaret Thatcher

Algorithm: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780 AD, 🇺🇿) is considered today as the father of algebra and the founder of Arabic mathematics. His book, "Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala" (translated as The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing), introduced systematic solutions for linear and quadratic equations. While he did not write "algorithms" in the modern sense, his works laid the foundation for the term itself. The word algorithm is derived from the Latinized form of his name (Algoritmi). Al-Khwarizmi's methods were step-by-step procedures for solving mathematical problems, which can be considered early examples of algorithmic thinking.
🇬🇧 Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician and writer, is credited with creating the first algorithm intended for a machine. She worked with Charles Babbage's design of the Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer. In her notes on the Analytical Engine, she described an algorithm for computing Bernoulli numbers. This is considered the first example of a computer program, as it was explicitly designed to be executed by a machine.
Fiber Optics (1956) Narinder Singh Kapany 🇮🇳 He conducted pioneering research and published numerous papers on the subject, significantly advancing the technology.
Ron Eglash: Ganda, 🇺🇬 when discussing the fractal nature of traditional African village structures.
Binary numeral system (base-2) 1679: uses only two symbols (0 and 1) to represent data, was formally developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 🇩🇪 It's the foundation of virtually all modern computing and digital technology.
Roman figures to modern figures: Fibonacci 🇮🇳 → 🇮🇹
Geomancy: Mesopotamia 🇮🇶 (between the 8^th and 10^th centuries).
Zero: Brahmagupta 🇮🇳 (628 CE) in his work Brahmasphutasiddhanta. Also credited to Aryabhata 🇮🇳 (476–550 CE) and Babylonians 🇮🇶 (as early as 300 BCE).
Gravity: Brahmagupta in the year 628 CE ("gurutvākarṣaṇ") 🇮🇳
Algebra: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 🇮🇶 (circa 780–850 CE) in Baghdad. His seminal book, "Al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wal-Muqābala" (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing), laid the foundations for solving linear and quadratic equations using systematic methods.

Modern history

Modern computer science: Alan Turing 🇬🇧
World Wide Web: Sir Tim-Berners Lee 🇬🇧 (Hypertext idea to DNS & TCP 🧩)
TCP/IP: Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn 🇺🇸
The OSI model was developed by the ISO (late 1970s) 🇨🇭
GML (1973): Charles Goldfarb, Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie at IBM 🇺🇸
HTML (1991): Tim Berners-Lee 🇬🇧 while working at CERN (evolution of GML)
CSS (1994): Håkon Wium Lie 🇳🇴 while working at CERN. CSS1 was released by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1996.
Wi-Fi: John O'Sullivan 🇦🇺 and his team at CSIRO. It was based on the IEEE 802.11 standards, which were initially developed by the IEEE 🇺🇸 in 1997.
Lisp (1958): John McCarthy 🇺🇸 (also coined the term "artificial intelligence" in 1956)
Algol (contraction of algorithmic language, 1959): international committee of computer scientists 🇺🇸 🇪🇺
Cobol (1960): Grace Hopper (foundational concepts and advocacy) and CODASYL (structure and formal process) 🇺🇸
Pascal (1970): Niklaus Wirth 🇨🇭
Delphi (1995): Anders Hejlsberg 🇩🇰 (evolution of Pascal)
Bluetooth: Jaap Haartsen 🇳🇱 and engineers at Ericsson 🇸🇪
B, UTF-8: Ken Thompson 🇺🇸
C: Dennis Ritchie 🇺🇸
Unix: Dennis Ritchie 🇺🇸 & Ken Thompson 🇺🇸
C++ (1980): Bjarne Stroustrup 🇩🇰 (used for Youtube Indexing)
Free Software Foundation (1985;) Richard Stallman 🇺🇸
Neural networks: 1943 Dr. William McCulloch 🇺🇸 Neuropsychologist and cybernetician
SQL was developed by IBM 🇺🇸 in the early 1970s. The initial version of SQL was created by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. The language was originally designed to manage and query data in IBM’s System R, a pioneering relational database system.
JSON was created by Douglas Crockford 🇺🇸 in the early 2000s. Crockford developed JSON as a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate.
C# (2001): Anders Hejlsberg 🇩🇰 (used at Twitch, GitHub, Telegram, MasterCard)
YAML (Yet Another Markup Language): 2001 by Clark Evans along with Ingy döt Net and Oren Ben-Kiki.
Objective C (1986): Brad Cox & Tom Love 🇺🇸
XML was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 🇺🇸
Sparql was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to query and manipulate data stored in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) format 🇺🇸 (Examples of large-scale linked data initiatives include DBpedia, Wikidata, and Europeana, which use RDF to represent structured data from sources like Wikipedia).
RDF was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as part of its efforts to create a standard for representing data about resources on the web 🇺🇸
Java: James Gosling 🇨🇦 (used at Airbnb, Uber, Pinterest, Linkedin, eBay, Twitter, Blogger, Yahoo!, Youtube-web)
JavaScript (1995): Brendan Eich 🇺🇸
WebGL (2009): Brendan Eich & Jeffrey D. Schiller within the Khronos Group 🇺🇸
Three.js (2010): 3D graphics with WebGL: Ricardo Cabello akaMr.Doob 🇪🇸
jQuery (2006): John Resig 🇺🇸
PHP (1995): Rasmus Lerdorf 🇩🇰 🇨🇦 (used at PHP: Facebook, Viber, Hootsuite, Yahoo!, Buffer, Yahoo, Wordpress, Wikipedia)
Ruby (1995): Yukihiro Matsumoto 🇯🇵 (used at GitHub, Kickstarter, Basecamp, Scribd)
Ruby on Rails (2004): David Heinemeier Hansson 🇩🇰 (used for Twitter)
Python (1990): Guido van Rossum 🇳🇱 (used at Google™, Instagram, Youtube, Spotify, Quora)
Perl (1987): Larry Wall 🇺🇸 (used at DuckDuckGo, Booking, Craigslist)
Kafka (2011): Linkedin 🇺🇸 (+ Jay Kreps, Neha Narkhede and Jun Rao)
QR code: Denso Wave 🇯🇵
Git: Linus Thorvald 🇫🇮
JSP: Sun Microsystems 🇺🇸
R: Ross Ihaka 🇳🇿 & Robert Gentleman 🇨🇦
Kotlin (2011): Jetbrains 🇨🇿 (used at Google™, Amazon, Pinterest, Foursquare, Trello)
Go (2009): Robert Griesemer 🇨🇭 Rob Pike 🇨🇦 & Ken Thompson 🇺🇸 (used by Docker)
Swift (2014): Apple™ 🇺🇸
Matlab: Cleve Moler 🇺🇸
VBScript (1990, Alan Cooper), ASP (1996), .Net (late 90s, used at Microsoft live.com, MSN) & TypeScript (2010): Microsoft 🇺🇸
First www browser: Mosaic was developed at the NCSA at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign beginning in late 1992, released in 1993, and officially discontinued development and support in 1997. 🇺🇸
Supercomputing & Superconductivity: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 🇺🇸
Matplotlib (2003): John Hunter (neurobiologist) 🇺🇸
Scala (2003) Martin Odersky, EPFL 🇨🇭
Node JS (2009) Ryan Dahl 🇺🇸 (used at Airbnb, eBay, Square, Asana, Serverless Framwework)
Clojure (2007) Rich Hickey 🇺🇸
Rust (2006) Graydon Hoare 🇨🇦

Top Programming languages on Github

Quantum computing

Qiskit (Python-based): IBM 🇺🇸
Cirq (Python-based): Google 🇺🇸
Q# (Q-sharp): Microsoft 🇺🇸
Forest and PyQuil (Python-based): Rigetti Computing 🇺🇸
Quipper (Haskell-based): Academic/research community 🇨🇭
ProjectQ (Python-based): ETH Zürich 🇨🇭
Strawberry Fields (Python-based): Xanadu Toronto 🇨🇦
Silq: ETH Zürich 🇨🇭
penQASM (Assembly-like): IBM 🇺🇸
Quantum Machine Learning: PennyLane (Python-based): Xanadu Toronto 🇨🇦
LIQUi|> : Microsoft (Quantum Simulation Framework) 🇺🇸

QCL

Programming languages & their uses

HTML: for structure
CSS: for style
jQuery: for legacy
GraphQL: query language for data APIs (and also a runtime that needs to be implemented on the backend). A GraphQL subscription query performs the query over the WebSocket endpoint.
jQuery: for legacy
Java: Android Apps, Desktop Apps, Web Applications, Big Data, data structures. Substitute => Kotlin. Frameworks => Spring, Struts, Apache Wicket, Hibernate, Dropwizard, Grails, Play framework, Vaadin, Blade
Javascript: Web Dev & App, Server Application, Web Servers, Mobile Application. Substitute => TypeScript. Framework => React, Vue or Angular
Kotlin: Android Apps. Substitute => Dart
Swift: Deep Learning, IOS Apps, IOT, UI
Python: Web Apps, Machine Learning, Data Visualization, Data Science, Embedded System. Substitute => Julia or R Lang. Framework => Django
PHP: Web Apps. Framework => Laravel
Lisp: standard tool for AI research.
Lush: researchers, experimenters, and engineers working in large-scale numerical and graphic applications (signal processing, image processing, computer vision, bio-informatics, data mining, statistics, AI, vector/matrix/tensor algebra, linear algebra (LAPACK, BLAS), numerical function (GSL), 2D/3D graphics (X, SDL, OpenGL, OpenRM, PostScipt), image processing, computer vision (OpenCV), machine learning (gblearn2, Torch), regular expressions, audio processing (ALSA), and video grabbing)
C: Embedded System, Linux
C#: Game Development, System Programming, IOT and Real Time System. Framework => ASP.NET
C++: Games, Operating System, Database, Embedded System. Substitute => Python
R: Data Science
Matlab: Data Science (there is no "if", only "how")
Robotic Process Automation: Ruby on Rails, XML, Java, test automation frameworks => Selenium WebDriver, Cypress, Playwright, BDD cucumber
Ruby: Web scraping, static site generation, command-line tools, automation, DevOps, data processing. Framework: Ruby on Rails

10 good coding principles

Most popular programming languages

Programming languages come and go. Some stand the test of time. Some already are shooting stars and some are rising rapidly on the horizon. I draw a diagram by putting the top 38 most commonly used programming languages in one place, sorted by year.

JavaScript	HTML/CSS	Python	SQL
Java	Node	TypeScript 8C	Bash/Shell
PHP	C	PowerShell	Kotlin
Rust	Ruby	Dart	Assembly
Swift	R	VBA	Matlab
Groovy	Objective-C	Scala	Perl
Haskell	Delphi	Clojure	Elixir
LISP	Julia	F	Erlang
APL	Crystal	COBOL

Most commonly used programming languages
Data source: StackOverflow survey.

Defect

See as an image

The programmer hierarchy

🏆 Lisp Programmers - Assembler Programmers
↓ C Programmers - Ruby programmers
↓ C++ & PERL programmers
↓ Python programmers
↓ OOP PHP programmers
↓ PHP programmers
↓ Ajax programmers who refuse the word Ajax
↓ Ajax programmers
↓ C# programmers
↓ JavaScript Programmers
↓ Virtual Basic & Fortran programmers
↓ ADA & COBOL programmers
↓ Pascal programmers
↓ Java programmers
😞 HTML programmers
↓ = Consider themselves > (superior to)
Download image